{"entries":[{"aka":["轴线规则","越轴","想象线","180-degree line"],"cat":"editing","domains":["film","animation","game","motion"],"en":"180-degree Rule","era":{"from":1910,"to":null},"facet":"storytelling","form":{"camera":"机位限定在轴线一侧的半圆内","composition":"人物左右位置保持一致，视线方向相对","mood":"守规则=清楚；越轴=错乱"},"keywordsEn":["180-degree rule","axis of action","crossing the line","screen direction","eyeline match"],"keywordsZh":["180度规则","轴线","越轴","视线匹配","空间方向"],"kind":"technique","makeLevel":"genai","making":"生成对话的几个镜头时，在每个提示词里写死人物左右位置（A 在画面左、看向右；B 在画面右、看向左）。AI 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的方块阵列：方块之间、贴地处越挤越暗，没有任何方向光。","title":"环境光遮蔽示意","year":"—"},{"creator":"Industrial Light & Magic","note":"ILM 为大量 CG 飞机开发的环境光遮蔽，用很少的计算换来接近全局光照的立体感；相关人员 2010 年获奥斯卡科学技术奖。","title":"Pearl Harbor（珍珠港）","year":"2001"},{"creator":"Crytek","note":"首次在游戏里用屏幕空间环境光遮蔽（SSAO），之后几乎所有 3A 游戏都跟进。","title":"Crysis（孤岛危机）","year":"2007"},{"creator":"Hayden Landis（ILM）","note":"SIGGRAPH 课程讲义，把 AO 和反射遮蔽的做法公开给业界。","title":"Production-Ready Global Illumination","year":"2002"},{"creator":"JasonFunderberker（Wikimedia Commons，CC0）","img":{"author":"JasonFunderberker","h":444,"illustrative":true,"license":"CC0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en/","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chainsaw_Ambient_Occlusion.png","src":"img/c331a7da1ad6ade06bb77a113cd3196b.webp","via":"Wikimedia Commons","w":960},"note":"左边是烘焙出的遮蔽效果，右边是展开后的 AO 贴图，游戏资产里会把它叠进底色。","title":"电锯模型的 AO 烘焙","year":"—"}],"zh":"环境光遮蔽","id":"ambient-occlusion"},{"aka":["区域主义","WPA 海报","新政艺术","美国新政 WPA 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domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jacob_Riis%2C_Lodgers_in_a_Crowded_Bayard_Street_Tenement.jpg","src":"img/c-c280ed83e7f3.webp","via":"Wikimedia Commons","w":960},"link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Riis","note":"里斯用刚发明的镁粉闪光闯进黑暗的贫民窟，闪光摄影的开端。","title":"Lodgers in a Crowded Bayard Street Tenement（巴亚德街廉租房里的租客）","year":"约 1889"},{"creator":"Juergen Teller","img":{"author":"Juergen Teller","h":960,"source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juergen_Teller","src":"img/b0b22828fe0ce0a3e51d9f3427294e24.webp","via":"Wikimedia Commons","w":768},"link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juergen_Teller","note":"把直闪带进奢侈品广告。","title":"闪光直打时尚作品","year":"1990s 起"},{"creator":"Weegee（Arthur Fellig）","link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weegee","note":"夜里跟着警用无线电赶到现场，闪光灯把罪案和看热闹的人打亮。","title":"Naked City（裸城）","year":"1945"},{"creator":"Nan 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Now（现代启示录）","year":"1979"},{"creator":"Orson Welles；剪辑 Robert Wise","link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_Kane","note":"大量叠化交代时间跳跃，凯恩的一生在几次叠化里过去几十年。","title":"Citizen Kane（公民凯恩）","year":"1941"}],"zh":"叠化与淡入淡出","id":"dissolve-fade"},{"aka":["抖动","1-bit 抖动","像素抖动","Bayer 抖动"],"cat":"texture","domains":["game","ui","print","motion"],"en":"Dithering","era":{"from":1973,"note":"Bayer 有序抖动算法发表于 1973 年，Floyd–Steinberg 误差扩散 1976 年；2018 年《奥伯拉·丁的回归》让它成为独立游戏美学，2024–26 年在网页和品牌里回潮","to":null},"facet":"texture","form":{"color":"1-bit 黑白或双色调","line":"像素锯齿边","mood":"复古电脑、冷静、带一点神秘","texture":"有序网格点或误差扩散噪点"},"keywordsEn":["dithering","1-bit","Bayer dither","Floyd-Steinberg","ordered dither shader","retro screen texture"],"keywordsZh":["抖动","1-bit","像素网点","误差扩散","双色调","复古屏幕"],"kind":"technique","makeLevel":"code","making":"片段着色器里把灰度和 4×4 或 8×8 Bayer 矩阵比较即可得到有序抖动；静态图可用 Floyd–Steinberg。关键是先降分辨率再放大（nearest 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Wyeth (1882–1945)","h":960,"license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:N._C._Wyeth_-_Treasure_Island_-_Blind_Pew.jpg","src":"img/4a78a749d47383f00ba8b188dbaa1315.webp","via":"Wikimedia Commons","w":731},"link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._C._Wyeth","note":"斯克里布纳版《金银岛》插图，冒险小说插画的标杆。","title":"Treasure Island（金银岛）插图：瞎子皮尤","year":"1911"},{"creator":"Maxfield Parrish","img":{"author":"Maxfield Parrish (1870–1966)","h":554,"license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Daybreak_by_Parrish_%281922%29.jpg","src":"img/c-4728773c2032.webp","via":"Wikimedia Commons","w":960},"link":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Daybreak_by_Parrish_(1922).jpg","note":"古典柱廊和帕里什蓝的天空，20 世纪复制最多的艺术印刷品之一。","title":"Daybreak（破晓）","year":"1922"},{"creator":"Howard Pyle","img":{"author":"Howard Pyle (1853–1911)","h":605,"license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pyle_pirate_marooned.jpg","src":"img/c-b85971774e7e.webp","via":"Wikimedia Commons","w":960},"link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Pyle","note":"刊于《哈泼斯杂志》的海盗插图。派尔是布兰迪万学派的创始人，今天人们心中的海盗形象多半出自他。","title":"Marooned（被放逐的海盗）","year":"1887"},{"creator":"J. 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Leyendecker","img":{"author":"Joseph Christian Leyendecker (1874 - 1951","h":274,"license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leyendecker_Arrow_collar_advert_1907.jpg","src":"img/c-49d9b45d6ac8.webp","via":"Wikimedia Commons","w":700},"link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._C._Leyendecker","note":"“箭牌衣领男”是美国第一个广告偶像，块面笔触很有辨识度。","title":"Arrow Collar（箭牌衣领）广告","year":"1907"}],"zh":"美国插画黄金时代","id":"golden-age-illustration"},{"aka":["魔幻时刻","magic hour","日落光","暖逆光"],"cat":"light","domains":["film","photography","advertising"],"en":"Golden Hour","era":{"from":1970,"note":"《天堂之日》(1978) 让“魔幻时刻”成为电影术语","to":null},"facet":"lighting","form":{"color":"金黄、橙、粉，暖色主导","light":"低角度太阳光，逆光或侧逆光","mood":"温暖、怀旧、浪漫、伤感"},"keywordsEn":["golden hour","magic hour","warm low sun","backlit sunset","long shadows","sun flare"],"keywordsZh":["黄金时刻","魔幻时刻","日落逆光","金色光","长影子"],"kind":"technique","makeLevel":"genai","making":"生图写 golden hour、low sun、warm backlight、long shadows、lens flare；代码里也可以用暖色渐变叠加和高光泛黄来模拟。最假的是影子方向和长度不对，太阳低时影子要很长、指向镜头侧。","media":["live-action","photography-film"],"oneLine":"日出后或日落前不久，低角度的金色阳光从侧后方斜射过来。","recognize":["光线温暖金黄，影子很长","太阳在低处，常形成逆光、轮廓光和镜头眩光","天空从橙到粉渐变，皮肤显得柔和","能拍的时间很短，通常不到一小时"],"regions":["global"],"related":["blue-hour","backlight-silhouette","naturalistic-light","teal-orange"],"sources":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_hour_(photography)","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9stor_Almendros","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Days_of_Heaven"],"status":"mainstream","statusNote":"旅行、汽车和生活方式广告的常用光，被大量滤镜模仿。","updated":"2026-10-16","use":5,"works":[{"creator":"Wikimedia Commons（CC 授权，模特 Marina Daschner）","img":{"author":"Tobias ToMar Maier","h":960,"illustrative":true,"license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Golden_hour_to_sunset_-_2019-08-27_19-19a_-_modelled_by_Marina_Daschner.jpg","src":"img/c-628dbf3e86ed.webp","via":"Wikimedia Commons","w":540},"note":"日落前的暖逆光，人物边缘有金边。","title":"黄金时刻逆光人像示例","year":"2019"},{"creator":"Terrence Malick；摄影 Néstor Almendros","img":{"author":"Terrence Malick；摄影 Néstor Almendros","h":576,"source":"https://film-grab.com/2010/07/21/days-of-heaven/","src":"img/765794663114ef49ec85c94fe769ada1.webp","via":"film-grab.com","w":1024},"link":"https://film-grab.com/2010/07/21/days-of-heaven/","note":"大量镜头在日落后的余晖中拍摄，麦田一片金色。","title":"Days of Heaven（天堂之日）","year":"1978"},{"creator":"Terrence Malick；摄影 Emmanuel Lubezki","img":{"author":"Terrence Malick；摄影 Emmanuel Lubezki","h":555,"source":"https://film-grab.com/2012/12/17/the-tree-of-life/","src":"img/b5913a16c9c5129d29c356807be20d4a.webp","via":"FILMGRAB","w":1022},"link":"https://film-grab.com/2012/12/17/the-tree-of-life/","note":"低角度阳光穿过树叶，孩子在草地上奔跑。","title":"The Tree of Life（生命之树）","year":"2011"}],"zh":"黄金时刻","id":"golden-hour"},{"aka":["黄金比例","神圣比例"],"cat":"composition","domains":["fineart","print","ui","photography","space"],"en":"Golden Ratio / Golden Section","era":{"from":-300,"note":"欧几里得已讨论这一比例；15 世纪起被称为“神圣比例”；20 世纪柯布西耶的模度系统明确采用","to":null},"facet":"composition","form":{"composition":"约 0.618 处的分割线、黄金矩形嵌套、黄金螺旋","mood":"稳定、和谐"},"keywordsEn":["golden ratio","golden section","golden rectangle","golden spiral","Fibonacci spiral","divine proportion"],"keywordsZh":["黄金分割","黄金比例","1.618","黄金矩形","黄金螺旋","斐波那契"],"kind":"technique","makeLevel":"code","making":"纯数学：画幅比例取 1:1.618，按 0.618 处放分割线，黄金螺旋用嵌套正方形的四分之一圆弧拼接。实际做设计时，三分法的效果相近，执行起来也更方便。","media":["painting","vector-digital","photography-film"],"oneLine":"按约 1:1.618 的比例分割画面或画幅，常配黄金矩形和黄金螺旋。","recognize":["画幅本身是黄金矩形（长边约为短边 1.618 倍）","主体或地平线落在约 0.618 的分割线上","从大到小嵌套的黄金矩形和螺旋","实际效果和三分法很接近，三分法更常用也更好执行"],"regions":["global"],"related":["renaissance","negative-space","shifting-perspective"],"sources":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_ratio"],"status":"classic","statusNote":"很多“名作用了黄金分割”的说法是后人附会：帕特农神庙、修拉、蒙德里安的例子都被学者否定；明确有意使用的是达利和柯布西耶。","updated":"2026-10-16","use":4,"works":[{"creator":"Commons 示意图","img":{"author":"George E. Koronaios (Foto) und FriedeWie Friederike Wiegand (Raster)","h":620,"illustrative":true,"license":"GFDL","licenseUrl":"http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Parthenon_und_goldener_Schnitt.png","src":"img/c-0f2fad192304.webp","via":"Wikimedia Commons","w":960},"link":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Parthenon_und_goldener_Schnitt.png","note":"最常被引用的例子，但实测并不支持，作为“附会”的反例看。","title":"帕特农神庙与黄金矩形示意","year":"—"},{"creator":"Salvador Dalí","img":{"author":"Salvador Dalí","h":247,"source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sacrament_of_the_Last_Supper","src":"img/0d239e8ec4fa94e079ee2ecf66487efb.webp","via":"Wikimedia Commons","w":403},"link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sacrament_of_the_Last_Supper","note":"画幅是黄金矩形，背景是巨大的十二面体，达利有意使用黄金比例。华盛顿国家美术馆藏，仍受版权保护。","title":"The Sacrament of the Last Supper（最后的晚餐圣礼）","year":"1955"},{"creator":"Le 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1560–1565"},{"creator":"帕哈里画师","img":{"author":"","h":392,"license":"CC0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","source":"https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/662782","src":"img/8b45898b638fb460ec4a974098668ad4.webp","via":"The Metropolitan Museum of Art","w":599},"link":"https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/662782","note":"柔和的帕哈里风格，抒情的山水与恋人。","title":"《牧童歌》第二套（Tehri Garhwal）散页","year":"约 1775–1780"}],"zh":"印度细密画（莫卧儿与拉杰普特）","id":"indian-miniature"},{"aka":["木版印花","Bagru","Sanganeri","Ajrakh","Kalamkari","chintz 印度花布"],"cat":"folk","domains":["fashion","space","print","fineart"],"en":"Indian Block Print & Kalamkari","era":{"from":1300,"note":"印度印染棉布 14–15 世纪已远销印尼和埃及；17–18 世纪 chintz 风靡欧洲；拉贾斯坦 Bagru、Sanganer 至今仍在生产","to":null},"facet":null,"form":{"color":"茜草红、靛蓝、铁黑、姜黄，底色常是本白或泥染的灰米色","composition":"满地连续纹样加宽边框；挂毯类以中心大树或拱门为主体","line":"木版的线条有手工刻痕；Kalamkari 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3。","media":["vector-digital"],"oneLine":"颜色跟着壁纸变，按钮是胖胖的圆角，形状会变形，动画带弹性。","recognize":["整套界面颜色从壁纸里取，偏柔和的粉、紫、绿、米色","大号药丸形按钮、超大圆角卡片","形状库里的花瓣、饼干、星形图形当头像框或加载指示","形状之间会相互变形","动画有回弹，像弹簧"],"regions":["north-america","global"],"related":["material-design","easing-spring","liquid-glass"],"sources":["https://m3.material.io/","https://design.google/library/expressive-material-design-google-research","https://www.dezeen.com/2025/05/28/google-ushers-in-age-of-expressive-interfaces-with-material-design-update/"],"status":"mainstream","statusNote":"Google 官方称基于 46 项研究、1.8 万多名参与者；Android 16 与 Pixel 系列已全面采用。","updated":"2026-10-16","use":4,"works":[{"creator":"Google","img":{"author":"The Android Open Source Project","h":960,"license":"Apache License 2.0","licenseUrl":"http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Android_12_Homescreen_Screenshot.png","src":"img/c-61a117ce300f.webp","via":"Wikimedia Commons","w":455},"link":"https://m3.material.io/","note":"壁纸是粉色，整套小组件、搜索框都跟着变成同色系。","title":"Android 12 主屏（Material You）","year":"2021"},{"creator":"Google","img":{"author":"Google","h":630,"source":"https://design.google/library/expressive-material-design-google-research","src":"img/9f8a54c03e99f98230a2ea6647964366.webp","via":"design.google","w":1200},"link":"https://design.google/library/expressive-material-design-google-research","note":"形状形变、弹簧动效和更大胆的颜色，Google 的设计研究文章讲了来由。","title":"Material 3 Expressive 发布","year":"2025"},{"creator":"Dezeen","img":{"author":"Dezeen","h":638,"source":"https://www.dezeen.com/2025/05/28/google-ushers-in-age-of-expressive-interfaces-with-material-design-update/","src":"img/17f0150a370a1d4ac228fbee9c731b1b.webp","via":"www.dezeen.com","w":1280},"link":"https://www.dezeen.com/2025/05/28/google-ushers-in-age-of-expressive-interfaces-with-material-design-update/","note":"设计媒体对这次改版的解读。","title":"Dezeen 报道 Material 3 Expressive","year":"2025"}],"zh":"Material 3 与表现力设计","id":"material-expressive"},{"aka":["极繁主义","Maximalism","多巴胺设计"],"cat":"graphic","domains":["print","advertising","ui"],"en":"Dopamine Maximalism","era":{"from":2020,"note":"疫情后「多巴胺穿搭」带动；2026 年 Pinterest、Envato 报告都指向饱和色回归","to":null},"facet":null,"form":{"color":"高饱和撞色：桃红、橙、钴蓝、青柠、明黄","composition":"满版、层叠","line":"粗描边","mood":"快乐、喧闹","motion":"跳动、弹出、快节奏","shape":"大胆、夸张的几何和有机形","texture":"条纹、波点、图案叠加","type":"超大粗字、膨胀字"},"keywordsEn":["maximalism","clashing saturated colors","dopamine palette","stripes and polka dots","dense layering","oversized type","pattern on pattern"],"keywordsZh":["极繁","撞色","多巴胺色","条纹波点","满版","大字","图案叠加"],"kind":"style","makeLevel":"hybrid","making":"条纹、波点、棋盘格和膨胀字用 SVG/CSS 生成，撞色直接写死；贴纸感的 3D 物件和抠图可用生图模型出透明底素材再叠。最容易做乱：设一个主色和一个字体主角，其他图案都给它让位。","media":["vector-digital","mixed-media","typography"],"oneLine":"饱和撞色、条纹波点层层叠满，大字压在图案上，热闹开心。","recognize":["几乎没有留白，图案叠图案","高饱和撞色：桃红、橙、钴蓝、青柠","条纹、波点、棋盘格、波浪线同时出现","超大的粗字或膨胀字","贴纸、图标、照片抠图满屏飞"],"regions":["global"],"related":["memphis","pop-art","color-blocking","psychedelic-poster","kinetic-type"],"sources":["https://www.campaignasia.com/article/pinterest-predicts-the-biggest-gen-z-trends-of-2026/506572","https://www.nbcnews.com/select/shopping/pinterest-predicts-2026-trend-report-rcna248706","https://www.cepic.org/post/envato-launches-its-creative-trends-2026-series-the-future-of-design-music-filmmaking-and-more"],"status":"rising","statusNote":"Pinterest 2026 指出亮色正在取代米色；Envato 说饱和度强势回归。网页上更多用在活动页和首屏。","updated":"2026-10-16","use":5,"works":[{"creator":"Camille Walala（卡米耶·瓦拉拉）","img":{"author":"Matt Brown","h":550,"license":"CC BY 2.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leyton_High_Road%27s_Camille_Walala_makeover.jpg","src":"img/c-584b90ae1a6e.webp","via":"Wikimedia Commons","w":960},"link":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leyton_High_Road's_Camille_Walala_makeover.jpg","note":"整条街的店面被涂成撞色几何图案，当代极繁的代表人物。","title":"Leyton High Road 街道改造","year":"2020"},{"creator":"Camille Walala（卡米耶·瓦拉拉）","img":{"author":"duncan","h":720,"license":"CC BY-NC 2.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/","source":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/34427470616@N01/32652989192","src":"img/9d877297cef72bca1754d48c4375ed3d.webp","via":"Flickr","w":960},"note":"整栋楼刷满条纹、色块和波点，几何纹样互相撞色却不显乱，因为每块颜色都是纯色平涂。","title":"Splice 大楼外立面","year":"2010 年代"},{"creator":"Camille Walala","img":{"author":"Matt From London","h":720,"license":"CC BY 2.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/","source":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/57868312@N00/51421300458","src":"img/fea91979583f32d1fdccc2e26dbd4602.webp","via":"Flickr","w":960},"note":"同一套图形语言落到公共家具上，是多巴胺风格从平面走到空间的典型做法。","title":"Ping Pong 乒乓球桌","year":"2010 年代"},{"creator":"Pinterest","link":"https://www.campaignasia.com/article/pinterest-predicts-the-biggest-gen-z-trends-of-2026/506572","note":"Gen Z 趋势里的高饱和与「Fun Haus」。","title":"Pinterest Predicts 2026","year":"2026"},{"creator":"Envato","link":"https://www.cepic.org/post/envato-launches-its-creative-trends-2026-series-the-future-of-design-music-filmmaking-and-more","note":"饱和度回归的数据说明。","title":"Envato 2026 创意趋势","year":"2026"}],"zh":"多巴胺极繁","id":"maximal"},{"aka":["中景","近景","中近景","腰上景","胸上景","牛仔镜头","Cowboy shot","Plan américain"],"cat":"camera","domains":["film","photography","advertising"],"en":"Medium Shot / Medium Close-up","era":{"from":1910,"note":"景别体系在 1910 年代的美国电影里成形；法国影评人把西部片里的膝上景称作“美式镜头”","to":null},"facet":"shot-size","form":{"camera":"常用 35–85mm，机位与视线平齐","composition":"人物头顶留少量空间，眼睛大致在画面上三分之一处","mood":"中性、交代信息，比特写松弛"},"keywordsEn":["medium shot","medium close-up","waist shot","cowboy shot","american shot","shot size","MCU","interview framing"],"keywordsZh":["中景","近景","中近景","腰上景","胸上景","牛仔镜头","景别","访谈机位"],"kind":"technique","makeLevel":"genai","making":"生图或生视频写 medium shot（腰上）、medium close-up（胸上）、cowboy shot（大腿中部）。模型常把中景画成全身或特写，最好再补一句 framed from the waist up 之类的具体描述。","media":["live-action","photography-film","2d-animation"],"oneLine":"人物从腰或胸口往上入画，看得清表情也看得到手势。","recognize":["中景取到腰部，近景取到胸口或肩下","人物占画面高度的一半以上，背景还能读出环境","手势、上半身动作都在画内","牛仔镜头取到大腿中部，正好露出腰间的枪套"],"regions":["global"],"related":["close-up","wide-shot","over-the-shoulder-shot","shot-reverse-shot","full-shot"],"sources":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_shot","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_shot"],"status":"classic","statusNote":"","updated":"2026-10-18","use":4,"works":[{"creator":"Alfred Hitchcock；摄影 Ted Tetzlaff","img":{"author":"Trailer screenshot","h":702,"license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ingrid_Bergman_in_Notorious_Trailer.jpg","src":"img/4e57321ada9b86d43d26233a82ca0d98.webp","via":"Wikimedia Commons","w":960},"link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notorious_(1946_film)","note":"加里·格兰特和英格丽·褒曼并排坐着，胸口以上入画，两人的表情和视线都看得清。","title":"Notorious（美人计）预告片画面","year":"1946"},{"creator":"Sergio Leone；摄影 Tonino Delli Colli","link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Good,_the_Bad_and_the_Ugly","note":"结尾三人对决在大特写和牛仔镜头之间来回切，腰间的枪和手同时入画。","title":"The Good, the Bad and the Ugly（黄金三镖客）","year":"1966"},{"creator":"Sidney Lumet；摄影 Boris Kaufman","link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_Angry_Men_(1957_film)","note":"开场多用中景交代陪审团，随着争执升温，景别一点点收紧到近景和特写。","title":"12 Angry Men（十二怒汉）","year":"1957"},{"creator":"电视行业通行做法","note":"主播和受访者最常用的就是胸上近景，表情清楚，又不会像特写那样有压迫感。","title":"新闻与访谈节目","year":"1950s–"}],"zh":"中景与近景","id":"medium-shot"},{"aka":["Memphis Group","孟菲斯","Memphis Milano","孟菲斯设计与室内","80 年代孟菲斯风"],"cat":"graphic","domains":["print","space","fashion"],"en":"Memphis Design","era":{"from":1981,"note":"1981 年索特萨斯在米兰成立 Memphis 小组；平面上的「孟菲斯图案」在 80–90 年代流行，2010 年代复兴","to":1988},"facet":null,"form":{"color":"糖果粉、薄荷绿、柠檬黄、钴蓝、黑白","composition":"碎片四散、漂浮、无明显中心","mood":"顽皮、俗艳、反优雅","shape":"三角、波浪、圆点、锯齿、半圆","texture":"斑点、斜纹、黑白格"},"keywordsEn":["Memphis design","geometric confetti","squiggles","pastel and primary clash","black and white checker","1980s pattern","terrazzo dots","Ettore Sottsass","Memphis Milano","colorful laminate","squiggle pattern","bold geometric furniture"],"keywordsZh":["孟菲斯","几何碎片","波浪线","糖果色","黑白格","80 年代","斑点纹","撞色","积木家具","斑点图案","塑料贴面","索特萨斯"],"kind":"style","makeLevel":"code","making":"三角、圆点、波浪线、锯齿和格纹全部用 SVG 画，随机散布并旋转，配粉、薄荷绿、明黄、钴蓝加黑白；Canvas 生成式铺图很合适。注意留出一点呼吸，满屏乱撒会变成廉价壁纸。","media":["vector-digital","craft-textile","mixed-media"],"oneLine":"波浪线、斑点、斜条纹和三角形散落一地，粉、薄荷绿、黄、黑白格撞在一起。","pick":2,"recognize":["几何碎片：三角、圆点、波浪线、锯齿、斜条","粉、薄荷绿、明黄、钴蓝加黑白格纹","图案化的表面（Bacterio 等仿塑料贴面纹样）","形状像积木，故意不协调","玩具感、俗气感是故意的","家具像积木：圆柱、三角、半圆随意堆叠"],"regions":["western-europe","global"],"related":["maximal","corporate-flat","color-blocking","anti-design"],"sources":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Group","https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ettore_sottsass_per_memphis,_libreria_carlton,_1981.jpg","https://www.memphis-milano.com/"],"status":"classic","statusNote":"2010 年代中后期曾大规模复兴；企业扁平插画「Corporate Memphis」借了它的名字。","updated":"2026-10-16","use":5,"works":[{"creator":"Ettore Sottsass（索特萨斯）","img":{"author":"Sailko","h":960,"license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ettore_sottsass_per_memphis%2C_libreria_carlton%2C_1981.jpg","src":"img/c-c836b0a59ecb.webp","via":"Wikimedia Commons","w":904},"link":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ettore_sottsass_per_memphis,_libreria_carlton,_1981.jpg","note":"孟菲斯的标志物：彩色贴面拼成一个像图腾的架子。","title":"Carlton 书架","year":"1981"},{"creator":"Memphis 小组","img":{"author":"Dennis Zanone","h":333,"license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Memphis-Milano_Design_Collection.jpg","src":"img/c-92aff15e7c0b.webp","via":"Wikimedia Commons","w":500},"link":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Memphis-Milano_Design_Collection.jpg","note":"可以看到家具、器物和图案贴面放在一起的整体效果。","title":"Memphis-Milano 设计收藏（展陈）","year":"1981–1987"},{"creator":"Wikipedia","img":{"author":"Wikipedia","h":853,"source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Group","src":"img/f0ccb6f8fb800cf303ecc12eee357856.webp","via":"Wikimedia","w":1280},"link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Group","note":"小组成员和代表作列表。","title":"Memphis Group 介绍","year":"—"},{"creator":"Ettore Sottsass","img":{"author":"Neoclassicism Enthusiast","h":960,"license":"CC BY-SA 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程序化生成：核心筒加随机朝向的方块，每块开一个圆形舷窗；照片质感交给生图模型或实拍，关键是单元必须统一、可替换，形状各异就不是新陈代谢派了。","media":["mixed-media"],"oneLine":"混凝土巨柱上插满可替换的胶囊房间，像会生长的城市机器","recognize":["固定的核心巨构加可替换的单元","预制胶囊房间，圆形舷窗","建筑像有机体一样可以生长、更新","粗壮的混凝土竖井和悬挑","城市尺度的乌托邦方案图"],"regions":["japan"],"related":["brutalism","exposed-concrete","space-age-fashion","showa-retro"],"sources":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism_(architecture)","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakagin_Capsule_Tower","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_67"],"status":"classic","statusNote":"","updated":"2026-10-16","use":2,"works":[{"creator":"黑川纪章 Kisho Kurokawa","img":{"author":"Dllu","h":606,"license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nakagin_Capsule_Tower_2017_dllu.jpg","src":"img/c-cb1a94961a3c.webp","via":"Wikimedia Commons","w":960},"link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakagin_Capsule_Tower","note":"140 个可替换胶囊挂在两座核心筒上，新陈代谢派最出名的实例。","title":"中银胶囊塔","year":"1972（2022 拆除）"},{"creator":"黑川纪章","img":{"author":"Dllu","h":695,"license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Capsules_of_the_Nakagin_Capsule_Tower_dllu.jpg","src":"img/c-9a099148560f.webp","via":"Wikimedia Commons","w":960},"link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakagin_Capsule_Tower","note":"圆形舷窗和预制钢板。","title":"中银胶囊塔胶囊细部","year":"1972"},{"creator":"丹下健三 Kenzo Tange","img":{"author":"","h":267,"license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yamanashi-Bunka-Kaikan.jpg","src":"img/7eff09b3e6a7ec2706ea48342223334e.webp","via":"Wikimedia Commons","w":330},"link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenzo_Tange","note":"16 根圆柱竖井之间架设办公层，留有扩建空间。","title":"山梨文化会馆","year":"1966"},{"creator":"Moshe Safdie","img":{"author":"Dllu","h":788,"license":"CC BY-SA 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Express（重庆森林）","year":"1994"}],"zh":"快门角度与运动模糊","id":"shutter-angle-motion-blur"},{"aka":["剪影戏","Lotte Reiniger 风格","皮影式动画"],"cat":"anim","domains":["animation","game","illustration"],"en":"Silhouette Animation","era":{"from":1919,"note":"1920–30 年代最盛；Michel Ocelot 和游戏 Limbo 延续","to":null},"facet":null,"form":{"color":"黑色剪影加单色底光，偶尔分区上色","composition":"平面横向排布，像皮影舞台","light":"背光透过底纸，像灯箱","line":"无描线，轮廓靠剪刀","mood":"神秘、古典，有童话书插图的味道","motion":"关节偶逐格摆拍，动作略带顿挫","shape":"侧面、修长、装饰性强的轮廓","texture":"纸边的微小毛刺"},"keywordsEn":["silhouette animation","Lotte Reiniger style","black paper cutout","backlit","intricate lace cutouts","shadow puppet"],"keywordsZh":["剪影动画","黑色剪影","镂空剪纸","透光底色","侧面人物","童话"],"kind":"style","makeLevel":"code","making":"纯黑 SVG 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Adelson","img":{"author":"Original: Edward H. 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2025 年度色为 Mocha Mousse（17-1230），2026 年度色为 Cloud Dancer（11-4201）；黄油黄、蜕变青见于 2025–26 时装与趋势报告。","updated":"2026-10-18","use":5,"works":[{"creator":"Pantone","img":{"h":720,"source":"https://www.fashiondive.com/news/pantone-year-2025-mocha-mousse/734872","src":"img/5b4580fbd603c1dc7181b07de2e9cbd6.webp","via":"fashiondive.com","w":1280},"link":"https://www.fashiondive.com/news/pantone-year-2025-mocha-mousse/734872","note":"玻璃杯里的巧克力慕斯、棕色玻璃隔板和色卡，把颜色和质感一起讲出来。","title":"Pantone 2025 年度色主视觉","year":"2024"},{"creator":"Pantone","img":{"h":720,"source":"https://galeriemagazine.com/pantone-announces-cloud-dancer-color-of-the-year-2026/","src":"img/3750ce8d443c1bf5d5985dac8089573d.webp","via":"galeriemagazine.com","w":1280},"link":"https://galeriemagazine.com/pantone-announces-cloud-dancer-color-of-the-year-2026/","note":"白衣舞者在云和白色地面之间，主体小、留白大。","title":"Pantone 2026 年度色主视觉","year":"2025"},{"creator":"Highsnobiety 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MalteAhrens at de.wikipedia. 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噪声加几根随机长纤维线、半透明叠在底色上，纤维太规则或太密就会像普通纸纹贴图。","media":["craft-textile","printmaking","vector-digital"],"oneLine":"圆框里的对称植物或几何徽记，印在半透明、带纤维的和纸上","recognize":["家纹多在圆圈里，图形是抽象化的花叶、鸟、水波、几何","黑白单色，正负形清晰，常严格对称或旋转对称","和纸可以看到长纤维、边缘毛糙、透光柔和","用于和服、灯笼、暖帘、屋瓦、包装和品牌标志","型纸（katagami）镂空图案与家纹的图形逻辑相通"],"regions":["japan"],"related":["wabi-sabi","jp-traditional-colors","showa-retro","repeat-pattern"],"sources":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mon_(emblem)","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washi","https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/washi-craftsmanship-of-traditional-japanese-hand-made-paper-01001","https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/69299"],"status":"classic","statusNote":"","updated":"2026-10-16","use":3,"works":[{"creator":"姬路城","img":{"author":"Pogo747 at English Wikipedia","h":726,"license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kamon_himeji.jpg","src":"img/c-3cf6098d48d9.webp","via":"Wikimedia 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Art","w":600},"link":"https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/69299","note":"染布用的柿涩纸镂空模版，图形语言和家纹一脉相承。","title":"型纸（松风题材）","year":"19 世纪"},{"creator":"佚名","img":{"author":"Japanese fine prints, pre-1915","h":792,"license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kamisuki_LCCN2009615107.jpg","src":"img/c-4715aa2aa377.webp","via":"Wikimedia Commons","w":960},"link":"https://www.loc.gov/item/2009615107/","note":"描绘手工抄纸的木版画，可以看到和纸的制作流程。","title":"「紙漉」浮世绘","year":"江户时代"},{"creator":"UNESCO 非遗名录","link":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/washi-craftsmanship-of-traditional-japanese-hand-made-paper-01001","note":"石州半纸、本美浓纸、细川纸三种和纸入选。","title":"和纸：日本手工造纸技艺","year":"2014"}],"zh":"和纸与家纹","id":"washi-kamon"},{"aka":["水彩画","淡彩"],"cat":"illus","domains":["illustration","fineart","print"],"en":"Watercolor","era":{"from":1500,"note":"丢勒 1500 年前后已用水彩画写生；18–19 世纪英国把它发展成独立画种","to":null},"facet":null,"form":{"color":"通透的淡彩，颜色在纸上混合","composition":"常留大块空白","light":"亮部就是纸白，柔和漫射","line":"铅笔底稿若隐若现，或用笔尖勾细节","mood":"清新、轻盈、带点怀旧","motion":"颜色慢慢晕开、渗入","shape":"松散，边缘时清时虚","texture":"水渍边、颜料沉淀颗粒、冷压纸纹"},"keywordsEn":["watercolor","wet-on-wet","bleeding edges","pigment granulation","white of the paper","soft washes","pencil underdrawing","loose brushwork"],"keywordsZh":["水彩","湿画法","水渍边","颜料沉淀","留白","淡彩","铅笔底稿","晕染"],"kind":"style","makeLevel":"genai","making":"人物和场景主要靠生图，提示词写明 transparent watercolor、wet-in-wet bleeding、granulation、white paper left unpainted；代码只适合做抽象底色，做法是把变形多边形以约 4% 透明度叠 30–100 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Commons","w":869},"link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Hare","note":"水彩加不透明水粉，一根根毛发画得极细，欧洲水彩写生最早的名作之一。","title":"Feldhase（野兔）","year":"1502"},{"creator":"J. M. W. Turner","img":{"author":"J. M. W. 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Sargent (1856–1925)","h":680,"license":"CC0","licenseUrl":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Venice_MET_DT2889.jpg","src":"img/c-77184a184db9.webp","via":"Wikimedia Commons","w":960},"link":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Venice_MET_DT2889.jpg","note":"萨金特的水彩速写，几笔就交代出光和建筑。","title":"Venice（威尼斯）","year":"约 1880–1882"}],"zh":"水彩","id":"watercolor"},{"aka":["Web 1.0","个人主页风","90 年代网页"],"cat":"ui","domains":["ui"],"en":"Web 1.0 / GeoCities Aesthetic","era":{"from":1991,"note":"1991 年第一个网站上线；1994 年 GeoCities 创立，2009 年美国站关闭","to":2004},"facet":null,"form":{"color":"浏览器默认灰 #C0C0C0 或黑底配荧光色字；链接蓝 #0000EE、访问过的紫","composition":"单栏居中或表格排版，一切往下堆","mood":"热情、业余、真诚","motion":"闪烁文字、跑马灯、旋转 GIF","texture":"平铺的小图案背景、低分辨率 GIF","type":"Times New Roman、Comic Sans，经常用 <font> 标签改颜色"},"keywordsEn":["Web 1.0 aesthetic","GeoCities homepage","under construction GIF","hit counter","tiled background","blue underlined links","marquee text","90s personal website"],"keywordsZh":["Web 1.0","GeoCities","施工中动图","访客计数器","平铺背景","蓝色下划线链接","跑马灯"],"kind":"style","makeLevel":"hybrid","making":"页面结构用纯 HTML 3.2 写法：table 布局、<center>、<hr>、<marquee>、Times New Roman 和蓝色下划线链接；施工中路牌、旋转地球这类 GIF 从 GifCities 等档案库直接取，比用生图模型做像得多。用了现代字体、flex 布局或高清图片就破功。","media":["vector-digital","typography"],"oneLine":"灰底或星空平铺背景，蓝色下划线链接，闪烁的「施工中」动图和访客计数器。","recognize":["浏览器默认的灰底或花哨的平铺背景图","Times New Roman 正文，蓝色带下划线的链接","动图满屏：施工中路牌、旋转地球、火焰分隔线","访客计数器、留言本、网站联盟（webring）按钮","居中排列，用水平线 <hr> 分隔"],"regions":["north-america","global"],"related":["web2-gloss","win95-classic","y2k","brutalist-web","vaporwave"],"sources":["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeoCities","http://info.cern.ch/","https://blog.geocities.institute/","https://www.webdesignmuseum.org/"],"status":"classic","statusNote":"Neocities 等个人站社区和「小网站」运动仍在有意复刻。","updated":"2026-10-16","use":4,"works":[{"creator":"Tim Berners-Lee / CERN","img":{"author":"Tim Berners-Lee","h":480,"license":"Public 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Vegas（恐惧拉斯维加斯）","year":"1998"},{"creator":"Yorgos Lanthimos；摄影 Robbie Ryan","img":{"author":"Yorgos Lanthimos；摄影 Robbie Ryan","h":696,"source":"https://film-grab.com/2019/11/29/the-favourite/","src":"img/37d62f9c61a30b55d6dbe56ea205d152.webp","via":"film-grab.com","w":1280},"link":"https://film-grab.com/2019/11/29/the-favourite/","note":"宫廷戏用鱼眼镜头拍，华丽房间显得荒诞又压抑。","title":"The Favourite（宠儿）","year":"2018"}],"zh":"广角畸变","id":"wide-angle-distortion"},{"aka":["大远景","远景","全景","建立镜头","establishing shot","EWS","WS","long shot"],"cat":"camera","domains":["film","photography","advertising","game"],"en":"Extreme Wide Shot / Wide Shot","era":{"from":1900,"to":null},"facet":"shot-size","form":{"camera":"广角或长焦都可，常配缓慢横摇或航拍","composition":"低地平线或高地平线，大量环境，人物放在三分线或角落","mood":"辽阔、孤独、史诗、渺小"},"keywordsEn":["extreme wide shot","wide establishing shot","tiny figure in vast landscape","aerial establishing shot","long 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年后伦敦朋克，性手枪的唱片封套、复印杂志"}}],"tip":"有胶带邮票手写是手账拼贴；几张照片拼出一个巨人或讽刺画面是照片蒙太奇；黑白复印、标题像勒索信的是朋克。","title":"拼贴、照片蒙太奇、朋克拼贴怎么分","id":"collage-family"},{"ids":["match-cut","jump-cut","cross-cutting"],"oneLine":"匹配剪辑是前后镜头形状对上、跨越时空；跳切是同一个镜头里人物突然跳位；交叉剪辑是两条线来回切、越切越快。","order":23,"points":[{"aspect":"前后两个镜头","items":{"cross-cutting":"不同地点的两件事交替出现","jump-cut":"几乎一样，机位景别没变","match-cut":"内容不同，但形状、动作或位置对得上"}},{"aspect":"观众的感觉","items":{"cross-cutting":"越来越紧张，等两条线撞上","jump-cut":"一跳，有点躁或随意","match-cut":"“咔哒”一声对上，很巧"}},{"aspect":"时间","items":{"cross-cutting":"两边同时在发生","jump-cut":"剪掉一小段，时间被压缩","match-cut":"常一刀跨越几千年或几万公里"}},{"aspect":"代表","items":{"cross-cutting":"格里菲斯的营救戏、《教父》洗礼和刺杀对切","jump-cut":"《精疲力尽》（1960），以及几乎所有口播 vlog","match-cut":"《2001 太空漫游》骨头变卫星"}}],"tip":"画面里同一个人突然换了位置是跳切；两个不同东西形状叠上了是匹配剪辑；两个场景在来回轮换是交叉剪辑。","title":"匹配剪辑、跳切、交叉剪辑怎么分","id":"cuts"},{"ids":["dada","surrealism","surreal"],"oneLine":"达达是故意胡闹、反艺术的拼贴和现成品；超现实主义是画得很真的梦；今天网上的超现实是写实照片或 3D 里放一个不可能的东西，加上空荡荡的阈限空间。","order":16,"points":[{"aspect":"手法","items":{"dada":"现成品、剪报拼贴、乱排的字母","surreal":"摄影或 3D 渲染，只改一处让它违反常识","surrealism":"精细写实地画出不可能的场景，或无意识的自动绘画"}},{"aspect":"画面感觉","items":{"dada":"乱、碎、没有中心","surreal":"空走廊、空泳池、褪色柔光，安静得让人发毛","surrealism":"空旷的地平线、长投影、时间静止"}},{"aspect":"态度","items":{"dada":"挑衅、讽刺、反战","surreal":"梦核式的怀旧和不安，品牌也爱拿来做广告","surrealism":"探索梦和潜意识"}},{"aspect":"年代和代表","items":{"dada":"1916–1924 年，杜尚的《泉》、汉娜·霍克的拼贴","surreal":"2019 年后的网络 liminal space、dreamcore","surrealism":"1924 年宣言起，达利、马格利特"}}],"tip":"一堆剪报和乱字是达达；手绘的融化钟表和飘浮石头是超现实主义；一张真实照片里多了一个巨大水果或一条无尽空走廊，是当代超现实。","title":"达达、超现实主义、当代超现实（阈限空间）怎么分","id":"dada-surreal"},{"ids":["low-key-lighting","rembrandt-lighting","film-noir"],"oneLine":"低调布光（绘画里叫明暗对照）说的是大片黑加一束光；伦勃朗光只是人脸上的一种打光位置；黑色电影是一个电影类型，低调布光是它的招牌。","points":[{"aspect":"这是什么","items":{"film-noir":"1940–50 年代的好莱坞电影类型","low-key-lighting":"绘画技法","rembrandt-lighting":"人像打光的一个具体位置"}},{"aspect":"黑的面积","items":{"film-noir":"大块纯黑，还有百叶窗投下的条纹影","low-key-lighting":"大部分沉在暗里，一个光源照亮主体","rembrandt-lighting":"半边脸在阴影里，背景可以不全黑"}},{"aspect":"找什么细节","items":{"film-noir":"雨夜湿街、烟雾、倾斜构图、风衣侦探","low-key-lighting":"画里常能看到光源本身，比如一支蜡烛","rembrandt-lighting":"背光那边脸颊上一个小小的倒三角亮斑"}},{"aspect":"代表","items":{"film-noir":"《马耳他之鹰》（1941）、《历劫佳人》（1958）","low-key-lighting":"卡拉瓦乔、拉图尔的烛光画","rembrandt-lighting":"伦勃朗的自画像，今天的人像摄影棚"}}],"tip":"画面大片黑、只有一束光是低调布光；只看脸上有没有那块小三角亮斑来认伦勃朗光；再加上百叶窗影子、雨夜和侦探，就是黑色电影。","title":"低调布光、伦勃朗光、黑色电影怎么分","id":"dark-lighting"},{"ids":["web1-geocities","web2-gloss","y2k"],"oneLine":"Web 1.0 是业余个人主页的热闹，Web 2.0 是创业公司的糖果按钮和倒影，Y2K 平面是游戏封面式的铬金属和科技标注。","points":[{"aspect":"年代","items":{"web1-geocities":"1991–2004 年，GeoCities 个人主页时代","web2-gloss":"2004–2012 年，Web 2.0 大会之后","y2k":"1995–2004 年，平面上的源头是 1995 年《Wipeout》的视觉"}},{"aspect":"最显眼的东西","items":{"web1-geocities":"闪烁 GIF、“施工中”路牌、访客计数器","web2-gloss":"上半截发白的胶囊按钮、Logo 倒影、斜贴的 Beta 徽章","y2k":"液态铬金属 3D 字、细小的编号条码和十字准星"}},{"aspect":"颜色","items":{"web1-geocities":"浏览器默认灰，或黑底荧光字，蓝色下划线链接","web2-gloss":"亮蓝、草绿、橙，多是同色渐变","y2k":"银、冰蓝、荧光绿、糖果粉"}},{"aspect":"字","items":{"web1-geocities":"Times New Roman、Comic Sans","web2-gloss":"大号圆润无衬线，Logo 爱用小写","y2k":"宽扁科技字、像素字"}},{"aspect":"气质","items":{"web1-geocities":"热情、业余、什么都往页面上堆","web2-gloss":"友好、乐观，人人都能注册","y2k":"天真的未来感，像科幻游戏包装"}}],"tip":"看到访客计数器和旋转地球是 Web 1.0；按钮有倒影、角上有 Beta 是 Web 2.0；画面中间一个铬金属物件、四周细碎标注是 Y2K 平面。","title":"Web 1.0、Web 2.0 光泽风、Y2K 怎么分","id":"early-web"},{"ids":["fauvism","expressionism","german-expressionist-film"],"oneLine":"野兽派用乱来的颜色表达快乐，表现主义用扭曲的形和刺眼的色表达焦虑，表现主义电影把这种扭曲搬进黑白布景和巨大的影子里。","order":14,"points":[{"aspect":"颜色","items":{"expressionism":"酸绿、血红、钴蓝，刺眼又不舒服","fauvism":"高饱和纯色，直接挤出来，绿脸红树","german-expressionist-film":"黑白，拷贝常整段染成琥珀或青蓝"}},{"aspect":"形体","items":{"expressionism":"拉长、倾斜、尖角，人和街道都变形","fauvism":"简化、压平，但不刻意扭曲","german-expressionist-film":"布景里的门窗楼梯画成歪斜锐角，透视故意画错"}},{"aspect":"情绪","items":{"expressionism":"焦虑、孤独、压迫","fauvism":"热烈、欢快","german-expressionist-film":"噩梦、疯狂、不安"}},{"aspect":"年代和代表","items":{"expressionism":"1905–1925 年，德国桥社和青骑士，基希纳","fauvism":"1904–1908 年，马蒂斯、德兰","german-expressionist-film":"1919–1933 年，《卡里加利博士的小屋》《诺斯费拉图》《大都会》"}}],"tip":"颜色乱但画面开心是野兽派；颜色乱而且人都歪斜焦躁是表现主义；黑白、布景歪斜、影子比人还大的是表现主义电影。","title":"野兽派、表现主义、德国表现主义电影怎么分","id":"fauve-expressionism"},{"ids":["flat-ui","metro","material-design","material-expressive"],"oneLine":"都属于“去掉拟物”之后的路线，Metro 是直角磁贴加超大细字，扁平化是白底细线图标，Material 1 是有投影的纸片，Material 3 是跟着壁纸变色的胖圆角。","order":2,"points":[{"aspect":"形状","items":{"flat-ui":"简单几何，图标外框大圆角，按钮常常只是一段彩色字","material-design":"直角或 2dp 小圆角的纸片，加一个圆形悬浮按钮","material-expressive":"药丸按钮、超大圆角，还有花瓣、饼干这类异形","metro":"直角矩形磁贴，没有圆角"}},{"aspect":"有没有投影","items":{"flat-ui":"没有光源，完全不用投影","material-design":"有，投影大小代表这张纸“浮”得多高","material-expressive":"几乎不用，改用色块深浅分层","metro":"完全平光"}},{"aspect":"颜色","items":{"flat-ui":"白底加一两种亮色，iOS 7 偏荧光","material-design":"一主一辅两种饱和色，彩色顶栏","material-expressive":"从壁纸取色生成整套色调，偏柔和","metro":"黑或白底，一种高饱和强调色"}},{"aspect":"字","items":{"flat-ui":"细体无衬线，iOS 7 用 Helvetica Neue Light","material-design":"Roboto，层级规整","material-expressive":"可变字体，字重会随状态变化","metro":"Segoe 细体，字号大到当图形用，标题故意出屏"}},{"aspect":"出处","items":{"flat-ui":"2013 年 iOS 7 让它成为全行业默认","material-design":"2014 年 Android 5.0","material-expressive":"2021 年 Android 12 起，2025 年 M3 Expressive","metro":"Zune、2010 年 Windows Phone 7、Windows 8"}}],"tip":"满屏直角色块加超大细字是 Metro；点一下有水波纹、右下角圆按钮是 Material 1；颜色跟着壁纸变、按钮胖乎乎的是 Material 3；剩下白底细线图标的是一般意义上的扁平化。","title":"扁平化、Metro、Material Design、Material 3 怎么分","id":"flat-family"},{"ids":["shallow-depth-of-field","deep-focus","tilt-shift"],"oneLine":"浅景深是只有一个人清楚，深焦是前后全都清楚，移轴是中间一条窄带清楚、上下都糊，看起来像模型。","order":31,"points":[{"aspect":"哪里是清楚的","items":{"deep-focus":"近、中、远全部清楚","shallow-depth-of-field":"很薄的一层，常常只有眼睛","tilt-shift":"画面中间一条横带"}},{"aspect":"怎么拍","items":{"deep-focus":"广角、小光圈 f/8 以上、强光","shallow-depth-of-field":"大光圈 f/1.2–f/2.8，或手机人像模式","tilt-shift":"移轴镜头倾斜对焦面，或后期模拟"}},{"aspect":"机位和题材","items":{"deep-focus":"多人同时演戏，前中后各有事发生","shallow-depth-of-field":"人像、特写，背景化成光斑","tilt-shift":"高处俯拍城市、人群、车流"}},{"aspect":"感觉","items":{"deep-focus":"客观、信息量大，观众自己选看哪","shallow-depth-of-field":"亲密、梦幻","tilt-shift":"像桌上的玩具模型"}}],"tip":"背景全是光斑是浅景深；所有人都清楚是深焦，《公民凯恩》最出名；真实城市看着像玩具，是移轴。","title":"浅景深、深焦、移轴微缩怎么分","id":"focus-depth"},{"ids":["aqua","frutiger-aero","glassmorphism","liquid-glass"],"oneLine":"四个都“透明发亮”，但 Aqua 是糖果塑料按钮，Frutiger Aero 是一整套蓝天水泡的时代气质，玻璃拟态是静态的磨砂卡片，液态玻璃是会折射、会流动的透镜。","order":0,"points":[{"aspect":"年代","items":{"aqua":"2000 年发布，2001 年随 Mac OS X 上线，2014 年 Yosemite 改扁平后退场","frutiger-aero":"约 2004–2013 年，Windows Vista、Windows 7 是代表，2018 年才被网友命名","glassmorphism":"2020 年 macOS Big Sur 前后在网页和 Dribbble 上流行起来","liquid-glass":"2025 年 WWDC 发布，iOS 26 / macOS 26 全面采用"}},{"aspect":"材质像什么","items":{"aqua":"实心的半透明果冻塑料，按钮像一颗蓝色水滴糖","frutiger-aero":"光滑玻璃和水，图标像泡在水里的玻璃珠","glassmorphism":"磨砂玻璃片，背后的东西被均匀糊掉","liquid-glass":"清透的透镜，边缘会把背景折弯，不是简单模糊"}},{"aspect":"高光和光","items":{"aqua":"按钮上半截一块固定的白色镜面高光","frutiger-aero":"阳光、光斑、极光光带，画面整体在发光","glassmorphism":"卡片边上一圈 1px 半透明白线，几乎没有别的高光","liquid-glass":"高光会跟着手指和设备倾斜移动"}},{"aspect":"背景放什么","items":{"aqua":"细横条纹或纯色桌面","frutiger-aero":"蓝天白云、草地、水下气泡、热带鱼","glassmorphism":"紫蓝粉橙的渐变光球","liquid-glass":"就是你正在看的内容本身，控件浮在上面"}},{"aspect":"会不会动","items":{"aqua":"Dock 图标弹跳、窗口“神灯”缩进 Dock","frutiger-aero":"主要是静态气质，动效不是重点","glassmorphism":"基本静态，卡片只是叠在一起","liquid-glass":"按下会鼓起，控件之间像液滴一样融合、分开"}}],"tip":"看到红黄绿三颗圆点和蓝色胶囊按钮是 Aqua；有草地气泡是 Frutiger Aero；磨砂卡片压在彩色光球上是玻璃拟态；边缘在折射背景、还会流动的是液态玻璃。","title":"Aqua、Frutiger Aero、玻璃拟态、液态玻璃怎么分","id":"glass-ui"},{"ids":["impressionism","post-impressionism","pointillism"],"oneLine":"印象派画的是光的一瞬间，后印象派开始画自己的情绪和结构，点彩是后印象派里修拉那一支，把颜色拆成规则的小点。","order":15,"points":[{"aspect":"笔触","items":{"impressionism":"短促松散的碎笔，近看一块块","pointillism":"规则均匀的纯色小点","post-impressionism":"因人而异：梵高旋涡厚涂、塞尚方块色面、高更平涂"}},{"aspect":"关心什么","items":{"impressionism":"此刻的天气和光：晨雾、水面反光","pointillism":"色彩科学，靠眼睛自己把小点混成颜色","post-impressionism":"情绪、形体结构、装饰感"}},{"aspect":"轮廓","items":{"impressionism":"没有轮廓线，边缘融在空气里","pointillism":"轮廓清楚，人物几何化、像凝固了","post-impressionism":"梵高、高更常有深色轮廓"}},{"aspect":"年代和代表","items":{"impressionism":"1867–1886 年，莫奈、雷诺阿","pointillism":"1884 年起，修拉《大碗岛的星期天下午》、西涅克","post-impressionism":"1886–1905 年，梵高、塞尚、高更"}}],"tip":"笔触松、光在闪是印象派；笔触有强烈个性、颜色带情绪是后印象派；凑近全是规整小圆点是点彩。","title":"印象派、后印象派、点彩怎么分","id":"impressionism-family"},{"ids":["wide-angle-distortion","telephoto-compression","dolly-zoom"],"oneLine":"广角把前后拉开、边缘弯曲，长焦把前后压扁、背景逼近，希区柯克变焦是在一个镜头里从一种变到另一种，人不变、背景在动。","order":30,"points":[{"aspect":"前景和背景的距离感","items":{"dolly-zoom":"在镜头里持续变化，像空间在呼吸","telephoto-compression":"被压扁，背景像贴在人身后","wide-angle-distortion":"被拉远，空间显得很深"}},{"aspect":"人物","items":{"dolly-zoom":"大小一直不变","telephoto-compression":"比例自然，朝镜头跑却好像跑不近","wide-angle-distortion":"贴近时鼻子变大，边缘的人被拉伸"}},{"aspect":"怎么拍","items":{"dolly-zoom":"摄影车往前推，同时变焦往后拉（或反过来）","telephoto-compression":"100mm 以上长焦，离很远拍","wide-angle-distortion":"14–24mm 广角或鱼眼，贴近拍"}},{"aspect":"用来表达","items":{"dolly-zoom":"震惊、眩晕、顿悟的那一瞬","telephoto-compression":"拥挤、窥视、无处可逃","wide-angle-distortion":"怪诞、滑稽、压迫"}}],"tip":"静态画面里边缘弯了是广角；楼和人群叠成薄薄几层是长焦；人不动、背后的走廊突然拉长或缩短，是希区柯克变焦，《迷魂记》《大白鲨》里都有。","title":"广角畸变、长焦压缩、希区柯克变焦怎么分","id":"lens-space"},{"ids":["memphis","corporate-flat","maximal"],"oneLine":"“Corporate Memphis”这个外号让很多人以为它就是孟菲斯，其实它是长胳膊扁平小人插画，和孟菲斯的几何碎片关系不大；多巴胺极繁则是满版撞色叠图案。","order":10,"points":[{"aspect":"主角","items":{"corporate-flat":"四肢细长、头很小的扁平小人","maximal":"大字和层层图案，人物可有可无","memphis":"几何图形本身，没有人物"}},{"aspect":"颜色","items":{"corporate-flat":"紫、蓝、珊瑚粉，皮肤也用这些非写实色","maximal":"桃红、橙、钴蓝、青柠，饱和度拉满","memphis":"糖果粉、薄荷绿、黄、钴蓝加黑白格"}},{"aspect":"满不满","items":{"corporate-flat":"人物加一盆植物，留白不少","maximal":"几乎没有留白，图案压图案","memphis":"碎片四散漂浮，中间有空"}},{"aspect":"年代","items":{"corporate-flat":"2017 年 Buck 给 Facebook 做的 Alegria 插画后泛滥","maximal":"2020 年后，跟着“多巴胺穿搭”起来","memphis":"1981 年米兰的设计小组，平面图案 80–90 年代流行"}}],"tip":"有长胳膊紫皮肤小人的是企业扁平；只有三角波浪圆点的是孟菲斯；条纹波点大字挤满整个画面的是多巴胺极繁。","title":"孟菲斯、企业扁平插画、多巴胺极繁怎么分","id":"memphis-corporate"},{"ids":["memphis","postmodern-architecture"],"oneLine":"同属 80 年代后现代的玩笑：孟菲斯是一地几何碎片图案和积木一样的撞色家具，后现代建筑则是把古典柱子山花做成卡通符号。","points":[{"aspect":"你看到的是什么","items":{"memphis":"一张图或一个界面上漂着三角、波浪线、圆点","postmodern-architecture":"一栋楼的立面，像一张放大的海报"}},{"aspect":"形状来源","items":{"memphis":"纯几何碎片：三角、锯齿、半圆、斜条","postmodern-architecture":"古典山花、拱、柱头，被放大或切开"}},{"aspect":"颜色和表面","items":{"memphis":"糖果粉、薄荷绿、柠檬黄、钴蓝加黑白格","postmodern-architecture":"三文鱼粉、薄荷绿、赭黄等粉彩，抹灰和彩色瓷砖"}},{"aspect":"代表","items":{"memphis":"2010 年代复兴的孟菲斯图案海报、包装","postmodern-architecture":"文丘里母亲住宅（1964）、格雷夫斯的波特兰大厦（1982）"}}],"tip":"散落几何碎片、撞色积木家具是孟菲斯；楼顶上有一个被切开的巨大山花，那是后现代建筑。","title":"孟菲斯和后现代建筑怎么分","id":"memphis-postmodern"},{"ids":["minimal-art","calm-minimal","luxury-minimal","notion-minimal"],"oneLine":"都叫极简，但极简主义艺术是 60 年代的工业材料雕塑，安静极简追求留白和慢，奢侈品极简是全大写无衬线字标，Notion 极简是白纸文档加线描小人。","order":6,"points":[{"aspect":"是什么东西","items":{"calm-minimal":"广告、网页、品牌视觉的整体调子","luxury-minimal":"品牌 logo 和包装","minimal-art":"展厅里的实物：钢盒、砖、日光灯管","notion-minimal":"软件界面，尤其是文档和效率工具"}},{"aspect":"颜色","items":{"calm-minimal":"米白、灰、雾蓝，最多一个强调色","luxury-minimal":"黑白为主，偶尔一种品牌色","minimal-art":"材料本色，或单色","notion-minimal":"白底近黑字，彩色只出现在标签和高亮"}},{"aspect":"字","items":{"calm-minimal":"一种细衬线或细无衬线，字号克制","luxury-minimal":"粗或中等的无衬线，全大写，字距拉开","minimal-art":"基本没有字","notion-minimal":"系统无衬线，像正常的文档正文"}},{"aspect":"留白和图","items":{"calm-minimal":"大半画面是空的，偶尔一件物品、一片天空","luxury-minimal":"居中，四周大片空白，没有图案","minimal-art":"相同单元等距重复，和空间一起看","notion-minimal":"emoji 当图标，配黑白线描人物插画"}},{"aspect":"代表","items":{"calm-minimal":"无印良品“地平线”广告","luxury-minimal":"Saint Laurent、Celine、Burberry 的新字标","minimal-art":"Donald Judd 的堆叠盒子、Dan Flavin 的荧光灯","notion-minimal":"Notion 和它的品牌插画"}}],"tip":"放在美术馆地上的是极简主义艺术；米白底、一行小字、很慢的是安静极简；一行黑色大写品牌名的是奢侈品极简；页面标题前带个 emoji 的是 Notion 风。","title":"极简主义艺术、安静极简、奢侈品极简、Notion 极简怎么分","id":"minimal-family"},{"ids":["bauhaus-architecture","international-style","brutalism","exposed-concrete"],"oneLine":"都是没有装饰的现代建筑，包豪斯是白盒子加带窗，国际主义是钢加整面玻璃，粗野主义是厚重的毛面混凝土，安藤式清水混凝土是光滑如丝的墙加一道光。","order":8,"points":[{"aspect":"主要材料","items":{"bauhaus-architecture":"白色抹灰墙、钢窗、玻璃","brutalism":"裸露的粗混凝土，留着木模板纹","exposed-concrete":"光滑的清水混凝土，模板孔点排成规整格子","international-style":"钢框架、整面玻璃，配石灰华、大理石、青铜"}},{"aspect":"体量感","items":{"bauhaus-architecture":"轻，方盒子不对称组合","brutalism":"很重，像堡垒，深窗洞和大悬挑","exposed-concrete":"体块简单，墙面大而空","international-style":"更轻，屋顶和楼板像两片悬浮的薄板"}},{"aspect":"开窗和光","items":{"bauhaus-architecture":"横向连续带窗或玻璃幕墙，室内通亮","brutalism":"重复的深凹窗洞，阴影浓","exposed-concrete":"几乎不开窗，只留一道缝或一个十字让光切进来","international-style":"整面落地玻璃，室内外几乎没有分界"}},{"aspect":"代表","items":{"bauhaus-architecture":"格罗皮乌斯设计的德绍包豪斯校舍（1926）","brutalism":"柯布西耶马赛公寓（1952）、伦敦巴比肯","exposed-concrete":"安藤忠雄住吉长屋（1976）、光之教堂（1989）","international-style":"密斯的巴塞罗那馆（1929）、西格拉姆大厦（1958）"}}],"tip":"白墙平顶带窗是包豪斯；钢加整面玻璃的是国际主义；灰色粗糙像碉堡的是粗野主义；墙面光滑有一排排小圆孔、光从缝里进来的是安藤。","title":"包豪斯建筑、国际主义、粗野主义、清水混凝土怎么分","id":"modern-architecture"},{"ids":["swiss","bauhaus-graphic","constructivism","de-stijl"],"oneLine":"四个都是几何加无衬线，构成主义是红黑斜线在喊口号，风格派只用横竖黑线和红黄蓝格子，包豪斯是圆方三角加粗横条，瑞士风格是靠网格和排版本身取胜的冷静。","order":11,"points":[{"aspect":"颜色","items":{"bauhaus-graphic":"红、黄、蓝加黑，大面积白","constructivism":"大红、黑、纸白，几乎只有这三色","de-stijl":"红、黄、蓝、黑、白、灰","swiss":"黑白加一种强调色，红最常见"}},{"aspect":"线的方向","items":{"bauhaus-graphic":"横竖为主，粗黑横条当分隔","constructivism":"强烈的对角线，字块常转 45°","de-stijl":"只有水平和垂直，没有斜线和曲线（后期凡·杜斯伯格才加斜线）","swiss":"横平竖直，左对齐"}},{"aspect":"图像","items":{"bauhaus-graphic":"圆、方、三角三个基本形","constructivism":"照片拼贴和楔形、长条并置","de-stijl":"黑线切出的矩形格子","swiss":"黑白摄影或几何图形，不用插画"}},{"aspect":"字","items":{"bauhaus-graphic":"几何无衬线，常全部小写","constructivism":"粗黑窄体，竖排斜排，当结构用","de-stijl":"直角方块搭出来的字母","swiss":"Helvetica、Univers 这类，左齐右不齐，层级极清楚"}},{"aspect":"年代和地方","items":{"bauhaus-graphic":"1919–1933 年，德国魏玛和德绍","constructivism":"1919–1930 年代初，苏联","de-stijl":"1917–1931 年，荷兰","swiss":"1950–70 年代，苏黎世和巴塞尔"}}],"tip":"有斜线和红黑照片拼贴是构成主义；只有横竖黑线加红黄蓝方格是风格派；圆方三角加粗横条是包豪斯；只有字和网格、干净到冷的是瑞士风格。","title":"瑞士风格、包豪斯、构成主义、风格派怎么分","id":"modernist-graphic"},{"ids":["art-nouveau-architecture","art-deco-architecture"],"oneLine":"新艺术建筑是弯曲的铁艺和起伏的立面，像长出来的植物；装饰艺术建筑是层层收进的竖向高楼和放射纹，像一台精致的机器。","order":13,"points":[{"aspect":"线条","items":{"art-deco-architecture":"强烈的竖线，对称的锯齿和放射线","art-nouveau-architecture":"鞭形曲线，几乎找不到直角"}},{"aspect":"整体造型","items":{"art-deco-architecture":"向上层层收分，像阶梯或婚礼蛋糕，多是摩天楼和影院","art-nouveau-architecture":"立面、阳台像波浪起伏，楼不一定高"}},{"aspect":"材料","items":{"art-deco-architecture":"镀铬、黄铜、黑色大理石、蚀刻玻璃","art-nouveau-architecture":"铸铁、彩色玻璃、碎瓷砖马赛克"}},{"aspect":"年代和代表","items":{"art-deco-architecture":"1925–1940 年，纽约克莱斯勒大厦、上海和平饭店、迈阿密海滩","art-nouveau-architecture":"1890–1914 年，霍塔的塔塞尔公馆、巴黎地铁入口"}}],"tip":"铁栏杆弯得像藤蔓的是新艺术；楼顶一层层收尖、门厅里有旭日纹的是装饰艺术。","title":"新艺术建筑和装饰艺术建筑怎么分","id":"nouveau-deco-architecture"},{"ids":["art-nouveau","vienna-secession","art-deco-poster"],"oneLine":"新艺术是藤蔓一样的曲线，分离派把曲线收成方块和金箔，装饰艺术再往前一步变成扇形、阶梯和流线型的几何摩登。","points":[{"aspect":"线条","items":{"art-deco-poster":"细而精准的直线和规整弧线","art-nouveau":"长而有弹性的“鞭线”，像植物茎蔓","vienna-secession":"直线、螺旋、方格，更方正"}},{"aspect":"装饰图案","items":{"art-deco-poster":"扇形、放射线、阶梯、太阳纹","art-nouveau":"花卉、藤蔓、长发，和人物缠在一起","vienna-secession":"金箔、方块、圆点、螺旋组成的马赛克"}},{"aspect":"颜色","items":{"art-deco-poster":"黑、金、银，配翡翠绿、珊瑚红","art-nouveau":"粉彩、橄榄绿、赭石配金","vienna-secession":"金、黑、白，少量宝石色"}},{"aspect":"人物","items":{"art-deco-poster":"细长、姿态程式化，衣褶简化成几何","art-nouveau":"长发卷曲的女性，身体是柔软曲线","vienna-secession":"脸和手写实，身体融进平面装饰里"}},{"aspect":"年代和代表","items":{"art-deco-poster":"1910–1940 年，1925 年巴黎博览会得名，埃尔泰、卡桑德尔","art-nouveau":"1890–1910 年，慕夏的海报","vienna-secession":"1897–1918 年，克里姆特"}}],"tip":"女人头发和花缠成一团是新艺术；满身金箔方块是分离派；画面里有扇形放射线、黑金配色、人物修长时髦是装饰艺术。","title":"新艺术、维也纳分离派、装饰艺术怎么分","id":"nouveau-secession-deco"},{"ids":["papercut","cutout-animation","silhouette-animation","cn-papercut-animation"],"oneLine":"剪纸是静态的工艺，另外三种是用纸做动画：剪影动画全黑背光，剪纸拼贴动画是彩色纸片和照片拼的角色，中国剪纸片借皮影和窗花，带民间色彩。","order":27,"points":[{"aspect":"动不动","items":{"cn-papercut-animation":"动，节奏带戏曲的板眼","cutout-animation":"动，部件绕关节转","papercut":"静态，窗花、纸雕","silhouette-animation":"动，关节偶逐格摆拍"}},{"aspect":"颜色","items":{"cn-papercut-animation":"年画式大红、翠绿、明黄","cutout-animation":"纸张和旧照片、版画本身的颜色","papercut":"单色红纸、黑纸，或几层彩纸","silhouette-animation":"纯黑人物加单色透光底"}},{"aspect":"人物","items":{"cn-papercut-animation":"像皮影的侧脸，关节处能看到铆接","cutout-animation":"什么都有，常是拼贴出来的怪诞角色","papercut":"对称图案、简化的形","silhouette-animation":"侧面、修长，看不见五官，花边剪到发丝"}},{"aspect":"代表","items":{"cn-papercut-animation":"《猪八戒吃西瓜》（1958）、《葫芦兄弟》","cutout-animation":"诺尔斯坦《雾中的刺猬》、Terry Gilliam 给巨蟒剧团做的动画","papercut":"中国窗花、多层纸雕灯","silhouette-animation":"洛特·雷妮格《阿赫迈德王子历险记》（1926）、游戏《Limbo》"}}],"tip":"不会动的是剪纸；全黑人影映在彩色光里是剪影动画；红红绿绿像皮影是中国剪纸片；用旧照片旧版画拼出来、关节一转一转的是剪纸拼贴动画。","title":"剪纸、剪纸拼贴动画、剪影动画、中国剪纸片怎么分","id":"paper-animation"},{"ids":["pop-art","op-art","psychedelic-poster"],"oneLine":"波普画的是可乐罐和明星，欧普只用黑白几何制造眼晕，迷幻海报是把字母扭成一团、用互补色让画面振动。","order":17,"points":[{"aspect":"画的是什么","items":{"op-art":"条纹、方格、同心圆，没有具体物","pop-art":"商品、明星、漫画格子","psychedelic-poster":"演出海报，变形字母加新艺术式女性和曲线"}},{"aspect":"颜色","items":{"op-art":"多是黑白，偶尔高对比色","pop-art":"高饱和原色平涂，加本戴网点","psychedelic-poster":"红绿、橙蓝、粉紫这类互补色故意打架"}},{"aspect":"怎么让你注意","items":{"op-art":"盯着看会抖动、鼓起、旋转","pop-art":"放大、重复同一个图像","psychedelic-poster":"字被拉伸到快读不出来，填满每个空隙"}},{"aspect":"代表","items":{"op-art":"布里奇特·赖利、瓦萨雷里","pop-art":"沃霍尔的金宝汤罐头、利希滕斯坦的漫画","psychedelic-poster":"韦斯·威尔逊给 Fillmore 画的演出海报"}}],"tip":"有明星或商品就是波普；只有让你眼晕的黑白几何是欧普；字母扭成融化的蜡、颜色在刺眼是迷幻海报。","title":"波普、欧普、迷幻海报怎么分","id":"pop-op-psychedelic"},{"ids":["woodcut","engraving","victorian-illustration"],"oneLine":"木刻是刻掉白、留下黑，线粗有力；铜版是刻出黑线、靠细密排线出灰调；维多利亚木口木刻用硬木横截面，能刻出接近铜版的细线，但仍是凸版。","order":19,"points":[{"aspect":"刻的是什么","items":{"engraving":"金属版，刻出的凹槽存墨，印出来是黑线","victorian-illustration":"硬木的横截面（木口），刻出的细线印出来是白","woodcut":"顺纹木板或麻胶板，刻掉的地方印出来是白"}},{"aspect":"线的样子","items":{"engraving":"细而均匀，两头变尖，顺着形体弧度走","victorian-illustration":"黑底上刻出极细的白线，灰调细腻","woodcut":"粗硬，有刀口的锋利感"}},{"aspect":"黑白关系","items":{"engraving":"白纸底上靠线的疏密排出明暗","victorian-illustration":"从黑底里“挖”出亮部，中间调很丰富","woodcut":"大块黑，几乎没有中间调"}},{"aspect":"常见在哪","items":{"engraving":"钞票、邮票、藏书票、古籍插图","victorian-illustration":"19 世纪书报插图、《Punch》漫画、童书","woodcut":"表现主义版画、中国新兴木刻、复古海报"}}],"tip":"线条粗、黑块大是木刻；像钞票上的细交叉线是铜版；像老报纸插图、黑底里透出细白线的是维多利亚木口木刻。","title":"木刻、铜版画、维多利亚木口木刻怎么分","id":"print-lines"},{"ids":["riso","halftone","duotone"],"oneLine":"孔版印刷是专色叠印带颗粒和错位（真印的或电脑模仿的都算），半调网点是用圆点大小印明暗，双色调只是说整张画面只用两种颜色。","points":[{"aspect":"是工艺还是效果","items":{"duotone":"一种配色方式，印刷和屏幕上都能做","halftone":"所有印刷照片的基础技术，被波普放大成风格","riso":"真实的印刷工艺，用理想（Riso）孔版机印"}},{"aspect":"颜色","items":{"duotone":"任意两种：红黑、蓝粉、绿紫","halftone":"青、品红、黄、黑四色","riso":"两三种专色，荧光粉、蓝、黄最常见"}},{"aspect":"放大看","items":{"duotone":"可以很平滑，不一定有颗粒","halftone":"规则排列的圆点，四色网点错角形成玫瑰纹","riso":"颗粒粗、暗部斑驳，色版之间错开几毫米"}},{"aspect":"纸","items":{"duotone":"不限","halftone":"报纸、漫画纸","riso":"不涂布的哑光纸，有手感"}}],"tip":"颜色对不准、有颗粒是孔版；凑近全是规则圆点是半调；整张只有两个颜色就叫双色调。","title":"孔版印刷、半调网点、双色调怎么分","id":"print-textures"},{"ids":["wabi-sabi","scandinavian-modern"],"oneLine":"侘寂讲残缺和时间痕迹，做成室内是昏暗、土墙、粗陶；北欧极简是浅木白墙、更亮更暖的另一套。两种混在一起就是常说的 Japandi。","points":[{"aspect":"是什么","items":{"scandinavian-modern":"家具和家居风格，有明确的设计师谱系","wabi-sabi":"一种审美观念，看重残缺、粗糙和时间痕迹"}},{"aspect":"颜色和亮度","items":{"scandinavian-modern":"白墙、浅灰、桦木色，明亮","wabi-sabi":"土褐、炭黑、苔绿、锈色，光线暗"}},{"aspect":"材料","items":{"scandinavian-modern":"浅色桦木橡木、弯曲胶合板、羊毛、羊皮","wabi-sabi":"粗陶、土墙、旧木、苔藓，破了就金缮"}},{"aspect":"形状","items":{"scandinavian-modern":"柔和曲线、细腿，做工规整","wabi-sabi":"不对称、歪斜，手捏的痕迹都留着"}},{"aspect":"代表","items":{"scandinavian-modern":"阿尔托的胶合板家具、Marimekko 印花","wabi-sabi":"千利休的侘茶、黑乐茶碗"}}],"tip":"房间昏暗、墙像土抹的、器物有裂痕是侘寂；白墙浅木、光线明亮温暖的是北欧。","title":"侘寂和北欧极简怎么分","id":"quiet-interiors"},{"ids":["vaporwave","y2k","retro-future","neon-cyberpunk"],"oneLine":"都带霓虹和未来感，复古未来是“过去想象的未来”，赛博朋克是下雨的反乌托邦夜城，Y2K 是千禧年的银色塑料乐观，蒸汽波是拿 80–90 年代消费品开玩笑的网络拼贴。","order":5,"points":[{"aspect":"核心画面","items":{"neon-cyberpunk":"永远下雨的夜城，霓虹招牌和巨型广告屏","retro-future":"透视网格通向地平线，上面半个落日","vaporwave":"古希腊石膏像、Windows 95 窗口、棕榈树、日文字","y2k":"银色铬金属、镭射膜、半透明糖果塑料、气泡字"}},{"aspect":"颜色","items":{"neon-cyberpunk":"青、品红霓虹压在蓝黑的暗部里","retro-future":"深蓝紫底配霓虹粉青，或终端绿、琥珀单色","vaporwave":"粉、青、紫，偏粉彩","y2k":"银、粉、天蓝、薄荷绿、彩虹镭射"}},{"aspect":"光","items":{"neon-cyberpunk":"招牌当光源，逆光穿过雨雾成体积光","retro-future":"霓虹自发光、日落逆光","vaporwave":"日落渐变，光是平的","y2k":"镜面高光和金属反光，画面很亮"}},{"aspect":"态度","items":{"neon-cyberpunk":"疏离、压抑，高科技低生活","retro-future":"浪漫怀旧，带着对科幻的向往","vaporwave":"恍惚、反讽，对消费文化半怀念半嘲讽","y2k":"俏皮、乐观，相信科技会更好"}},{"aspect":"出处","items":{"neon-cyberpunk":"以《银翼杀手》（1982）为原型","retro-future":"50 年代太空时代、70 年代太空殖民地插画、80 年代合成波","vaporwave":"2010 年代初的网络音乐流派，代表作《Floral Shoppe》（2011）","y2k":"1997–2004 年前后，2020 年后在时尚圈复兴"}}],"tip":"有石膏像和全角字母是蒸汽波；银色塑料加气泡字是 Y2K；网格地平线加落日是复古未来；下雨、湿地面反光、密密麻麻招牌是赛博朋克。","title":"蒸汽波、Y2K、复古未来、赛博朋克怎么分","id":"retro-future-family"},{"ids":["skeuomorphism","neumorphism","win95-classic"],"oneLine":"三个都在假装“有立体感”，拟物化模仿真实材料，Win95 用一两像素的亮暗边做出凸起，新拟态则让按钮和背景同色、靠两道柔和投影鼓出来。","order":1,"points":[{"aspect":"立体感从哪来","items":{"neumorphism":"左上一道白投影、右下一道暗投影，边缘很软","skeuomorphism":"高清材质贴图加重投影，看起来就是一个真东西","win95-classic":"按钮四周 1–2 像素的亮边和暗边，硬得像刻出来的"}},{"aspect":"颜色","items":{"neumorphism":"一种浅色铺满，按钮和背景几乎同色","skeuomorphism":"跟着材料走：木头棕、皮革褐、便签黄、牌桌绿","win95-classic":"#C0C0C0 中灰，深蓝标题栏，青绿桌面"}},{"aspect":"形状","items":{"neumorphism":"大圆角卡片和圆按钮","skeuomorphism":"照着实物造型：书架、录音机、计算器","win95-classic":"全是直角矩形，没有一个圆角"}},{"aspect":"年代和出处","items":{"neumorphism":"2019 年底 Dribbble 爆红，2021 年后基本退潮，多停在概念稿","skeuomorphism":"2007–2013 年，iPhone 初代到 iOS 6","win95-classic":"1995–2001 年，Windows 95 到 Windows 2000"}},{"aspect":"实际用起来","items":{"neumorphism":"对比太低，按钮和背景分不清，很少真正上线","skeuomorphism":"好认好懂，就是又重又花","win95-classic":"朴素但清楚，按下去会反过来变成凹陷"}}],"tip":"有木纹皮革缝线是拟物化；满屏灰色直角、按钮边一亮一暗是 Win95；颜色几乎只有一种、按钮像从软塑料里鼓出来是新拟态。","title":"拟物化、新拟态、Win95 灰色立体怎么分","id":"skeuo-vs-neumorph"},{"ids":["pixar-3d","painterly-3d","spiderverse","cel-shading"],"oneLine":"都是 3D 做的，皮克斯式追求写实材质配卡通比例，绘画感 3D 把表面画成笔触，蜘蛛侠式叠漫画网点和手绘线，卡通渲染则把 3D 压成平涂加描边，假装是 2D 动画。","order":25,"points":[{"aspect":"表面","items":{"cel-shading":"纯平涂，几乎没有材质细节","painterly-3d":"手绘贴图，看得见笔触","pixar-3d":"光滑写实的皮肤、毛发、布料","spiderverse":"网点、排线、印刷错位叠在模型上"}},{"aspect":"阴影","items":{"cel-shading":"一两级硬边阴影，光一动整块跳变","painterly-3d":"阴影边缘是笔刷形状","pixar-3d":"柔和渐变，物理写实的光照","spiderverse":"色块化的阴影，有时用网点代替"}},{"aspect":"轮廓线","items":{"cel-shading":"黑色或深色描边","painterly-3d":"笔触代替轮廓","pixar-3d":"没有","spiderverse":"手绘轮廓线和速度线"}},{"aspect":"帧率","items":{"cel-shading":"游戏里通常流畅，高端作品降到二拍三拍模仿手绘","painterly-3d":"角色一拍，特效常是二拍手绘","pixar-3d":"一拍，每秒 24 张，非常顺滑","spiderverse":"一拍二拍混用，角色常常故意卡"}},{"aspect":"代表","items":{"cel-shading":"《Jet Set Radio》、《原神》","painterly-3d":"《英雄联盟：双城之战》（2021）","pixar-3d":"《玩具总动员》（1995）起的皮克斯长片","spiderverse":"《蜘蛛侠：平行宇宙》（2018）"}}],"tip":"像精致塑料玩具的是皮克斯式；像会动的油画是绘画感 3D；画面里有网点和红蓝错位的是蜘蛛侠式；看着像日本动画但镜头能 360 度转的是卡通渲染。","title":"皮克斯式 3D、绘画感 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Phone、Windows 8 开始屏"}}],"tip":"格子直角、颜色满铺是磁贴；一屏之内拼成一个完整大方块、大小格交错的是便当格。","title":"Metro 磁贴和便当格怎么分","id":"tiles-cards-bento"},{"ids":["ukiyoe","shin-hanga"],"oneLine":"工艺都是日本木版套印，浮世绘是平的、没有影子的江户画面，新版画在 20 世纪加入了西洋画的光源、阴影和倒影。","order":18,"points":[{"aspect":"光和影","items":{"shin-hanga":"有明确光源：夕照、灯笼、月光，水面有倒影","ukiyoe":"几乎没有光源和阴影"}},{"aspect":"线","items":{"shin-hanga":"墨线更细更弱，更多靠色块和渐变","ukiyoe":"清晰流畅的墨线轮廓是主角"}},{"aspect":"颜色","items":{"shin-hanga":"靛蓝夜空、橙红夕阳，渐变柔和细腻","ukiyoe":"普鲁士蓝、朱红、米黄，平涂为主"}},{"aspect":"构图","items":{"shin-hanga":"像一张风景照的取景，安静抒情","ukiyoe":"大胆裁切，前景特写半截，远山很小"}},{"aspect":"年代和代表","items":{"shin-hanga":"约 1915–1960 年，川濑巴水、吉田博，出版人渡边庄三郎","ukiyoe":"17 世纪末到 19 世纪，北斋、广重"}}],"tip":"画面平、没影子是浮世绘；同样是木版画但有夕阳余晖、雪夜灯光和倒影，就是新版画。","title":"浮世绘和新版画怎么分","id":"ukiyoe-shinhanga"},{"ids":["film-grain","faded-film-look","vhs"],"oneLine":"胶片感重在颗粒和自然的胶片色，复古褪色重在黑色发灰、整体偏色，VHS 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